Bruce Williams of the University of Chicago excavated areas of Nubia and in his published reports claimed that Nubia had a powerful monarchy--probably the first Pharaohs--and this is how the Egyptian pharaonic empire came to be. Furthermore, he claimed that these Nubian kings attacked Egypt, won, and for this reason, the First dynasty--and the dynasty before it--were actually Nubian.
Later graves have now been discovered in Egypt that are older than the royal graves of Qustel, but the findings of Williams is still strong proof that development around 3,100 BC occurred in both Nubia and Egypt. In fact, according to Robert G. Morkot, author of The Black Pharaohs, the "development of powerful states...[shows} that there was a mutual influence."
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As of today all ten volumes of the Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition are available free of charge online:
ReplyDeleteOINE 10. Excavations at Serra East, Parts 1-5: A-Group, C-Group, Pan Grave, New Kingdom, and X-Group Remains from Cemeteries A-G and Rock Shelters. By B. B. Williams. Originally published in 1993.
OINE 9. Excavations Between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier, Part 9: Noubadian X-Group Remains from Royal Complexes in Cemeteries Q and 219 and Private Cemeteries Q, R, V, W, B, J, and M at Qustul and Ballana. By B. B. Williams. Originally published in 1991.
OINE 8. Excavations Between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier, Part 8: Meroitic Remains from Qustul Cemetery Q, Ballana Cemetery B, and a Ballana Settlement. By B. B. Williams, et. al. Originally published in 1991.
OINE 7. Excavations Between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier, Part 7: Twenty-Fifth Dynasty and Napatan Remains at Qustul Cemeteries W and V. By B. B. Williams. Originally published in 1990.
OINE 6. Excavations Between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier, Part 6: New Kingdom Remains from Cemeteries R, V, S, and W at Qustul and Cemetery K at Adindan. Bruce B. Williams. 1992.
OINE 5. Excavations Between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier, Part 5: C-Group, Pan Grave, and Kerma Remains at Adindan Cemeteries T, K, U, and J. By B. B. Williams. Originally published in 1983.
OINE 4. Excavations Between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier, Parts 2, 3, and 4: Neolithic, A-Group, and Post A-Group Remains from Cemeteries W, V, S, Q, T, and a Cave East of Cemetery K. By B. B. Williams. Originally published in 1989.
OINE 3. Excavations Between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier, Part 1: The A-Group Royal Cemetery at Qustul, Cemetery L. By B. B. Williams. Originally published in 1986.
OINE 2. Ausgrabungen von Khor-Dehmit bis Bet El-Wali. H. Ricke. Originally published in 1967.
OINE 1. The Beit el-Wali Temple of Ramesses II. By Herbert Ricke, George R. Hughes, and Edward F. Wente. Originally published in 1967.
See:
http://ancientworldbloggers.blogspot.com/2008/04/awol-ancient-world-online-2.html
Dear Charles Ellwood Jones,
ReplyDeleteThanks.
I'm ordering copies of the books through my local library.
Michael H. Brownstein