Sudan pyramid hunt gets funding as desert dream realised

Little by little, the deserts of northern Sudan slowly reveal the secrets they have held for 2,000 years and more.

With wheelbarrows, pulleys and shovels, sweating labourers have unearthed the remains of pyramids, temples and other ancient monuments.

But much of the country's rich archaeological heritage still remains hidden, and what has been discovered remains little known to outsiders.

https://ph.news.yahoo.com/sudan-pyramid-hunt-gets-funding-desert-dream-realised-113104023.html

http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/129232-desert-dream-realised-sudan-pyramid-hunt-gets-funding

HOW BEER WAS DISCOVERED: THE TRUE MYTHOLOGY

HOW BEER WAS DISCOVERED: THE TRUE MYTHOLOGY
by Michael H. Brownstein
http://thecamelsaloon.blogspot.com/2013/09/how-beer-was-discovered-true-mythology.html

Pandora of Nubia, near the ivory trade route,
took possession of a grand ebony chest,
watched it with the eyes of a cheetah.

Somewhere within its thick walls
a secret stayed itself, and she could hear it,
now and then bumping into things.

She ignored it at first, or tried,
made promises to herself she knew she couldn't keep,
touched the wood with her palm,

played with the flimsy lock of grass and twig,
found herself admiring the grain with her fingertips.
Too much cat, the Shaman knew this to be true,

and bided her time from her grass covered home
overlooking the village near the great river.
There was something in the chest too great for her,

but not too great for Pandora with braided dark hair,
full lips and perfect skin—almost ebony black.
She was right, of course. Pandora was curious,

and it was curiosity that made her play with the lock,
break it open with an ah ha and a smile.
She opened the chest later that day,

let escape the demons the Shaman knew were inside,
thick fogs of madness and bitterness,
jealousy and selfishness, greed and contempt.

Pandora allowed them to sting her.
their noise intolerant and vulgar,
and then she peered into the shadow of the chest,

saw a round object corked and scented,
and pulled out a painted gourd
a vessel full of rich golden water,

a liquid with a smell she could not remember.
She drank from it.
It made her happy.

The painful stings left her skin,
she felt whole,
calm, able to see into her dreams.

Hope did not come with a fairy.
Hope came with Pandora’s gourd of beer—
a magic beer too easy to replicate.

The shaman went on to greatness,
made the best varieties,
and the people lined up to drink it.

Pandora kept the gourd in her home,
shared its contents with everyone,
especially those who wanted her to tell her story.

And then the Greeks came.

Nubia and Egypt 10,000 B.C. to 400 A.D. From Pre-History to the Meroitic Period--Larry Ross

"This is the first book to claim that the Black Nubians played an essential role in the rise of Ancient Egyptian civilization. Ross is the first scholar to argue that there is a shared origin of Nile Valley Civilization between Nubian and Egyptian cultures. Nubia today is known as the nation-states of Sudan and South Sudan, and has been misrepresented for thousands of years by Egyptian sources, which minimized the role the people played in world history. This book draws on recent archaeological findings that claim Pharonic symbolism, sacred bark, and serekh, are of Nubian origin, not Egyptian."

http://www.academia.edu/2446393/Nubia_and_Egypt_From_Prehistory_to_the_Meroitic_Period_10_000_B.C._to_400_A.D

http://mellenpress.com/mellenpress.cfm?bookid=8623&pc=9

Nubian Jar in the University of Missouri Art and Archaeology Collection

The threads below show the mistakes the University of Missouri Art and Archaeology Museum continues to make about Nubia.

The black topped jar in the exhibit is dated 3900 BCE to 3150 BCE. Egypt became Egypt at approximately 3200 BCE. The jar is created in the Nubian style--and even if dating is not an exact science the range of years in the date given in the exhibit makes it a Nubian piece--not Egyptian.

Its time for the museum to correct its error and show the real origination point of the black topped jar.

See also:

http://historyofnubia.blogspot.com/2010/02/university-of-missouri-archeology.html

http://historyofnubia.blogspot.com/2010/02/more-mistakes-from-museum-of-art-and.html

The Nubian People Created Egypt

Because of Bruce Williams of the Oriental Museum and the University of Chicago, Larry Ross of Lincoln University and the author of  Nubia and Egypt: 10,000 BCE to 400 AD and this blog that I have been working on for the past few years, there is no more issues in my mind--and their should not be any in yours either--that Nubia is the reason Egypt came to be. In fact, between the three of us, we have offered enough evidence to prove Nubia is the actual founder of Egypt.

I began this blog to discover Nubia's impact on Egypt. My initial hypothesis was: Nubia started it all--it is the reason Egypt began. Now, a few years later--I''m going to state again: Yes, it did.

Michael H. Brownstein

Nubian Firsts

   The tradition of the pharaoh began not in Egypt, but in Nubia. Furthermore, Nubia developed an international trade with other nations in Africa and the Middle East long before Egypt had. “Egypt needed Nubia more than Nubia needed Egypt.” Even though Egypt was able to produce their own pottery, they preferred Nubian pottery to their own and adopted it into their culture. Even religious objects like the small fertility figurine were found in parts of Egypt.

Nubians were active in pottery making as early as 8,000 BCE. By 6000 BCE, Nubians were domesticating animals. “The Egyptians were late arrivers in the ancient trade networks, because Nubia had already established trade.” Much of the development of Nubia was unknown to Egypt until the Nubians moved north into Egypt around 5,000 BCE and spread their genes, culture, belief systems and technological advances with the inhabitants of Egypt.

--Larry Ross. Nubia and Egypt: 10,000 BCE to 400 AD, p. 122-123, 147, 195

Nubia Invented Writing

"With the discoveries of King Scorpion's tomb, dated 3250 BCE at Abydos in the 1990s by Dr. Gunter Dryer and the Scorpion Tableau at Gebel Tjauti by Dr. John and Deborah Darnell...history itself was introduced because King Scorpion's tomb contained the world's first complete writing system. Dr. Bruce Williams contends that the early kings of Egypt came from Nubia....Based on the archeological remains at Qustul Cemetery L, and other artifacts from Nubia, it is now clear that the practices displayed on the Scorpion Tableau did not originate in the area designated as Egypt."

--Ross, Larry. Nubia and Egypt: 10,000 BCE to 400 AD, p. 80

Add writing to the list of Nubian firsts.

More Proof--as if it was needed--Nubia Came First

“The pictoral documents left by its (Nubia) kings reveal Ta-Seti’s (another name for Nubia) claim to having conquered and ruled over Upper Egypt for the time (3400 BCE to 3200 BCE).”

--Ehret, Christopher. Te Civilization of Africa, 2002, p. 144-145.

Here is strong evidence by archeologists that the first pharaohs who ruled over Egypt came from Nubia.

Then there's more evidence:

The Qustul incense burner and Horus Nekhen incense burner are considered to be royal documents. These burners are documentation that the pharonic system was in place before Egypt. There is even strong evidence that the first writing began under the Nubian King Scorpion.

--Ross, Larry. Nubia and Egypt: 10,000 BCE to 400 AD, 2012, p. 74.

Links within this blog for more information:

http://historyofnubia.blogspot.com/2009/12/more-from-archeology-part-2.html

http://historyofnubia.blogspot.com/2010/04/interview-with-bruce-b-williams.html

Keep in mind that boundaries for nations--a term that did not exist at the time mentioned above--were fluid and not mapped out the way we map boundaries today. 

More on who came first:

"Nubia is Egypt's African ancestor. What linked Ancient Egypt to the rest of the North African cultures is this strong tie with the Nubian pastoral nomadic lifestyle...Thus, not only did Nubia have a prominent role in the origin of Ancient Egypt, it was also a key area for the origin of the entire African pastoral tradition."

--Gatto, Maria. The Nubian Pastoral Culture as Link Between Egypt and Africa, Oxford Press, 2009, p. 26.

More proof Nubia came before Egypt

Nubian pottery has been found dating to as long ago as 8,000 BCE—more proof that Nubia had a civilization before Egypt. There was no Egypt in 8,000 BCE. Furthermore, there was no gold in Egypt, but there were many gold mines in Nubia and Nubian trade with Egypt--once Egypt began as a people and country--shows a reliance on Nubia by Egypt for one of the resources Egypt desired: gold. Apparently Nubians knew how to mine gold and how to utilize it as a trading tool long before Egypt was defined.

According to Larry Ross, “Egypt’s reliance on Nubian products was perpetual from the emergence of Dynastic Egypt around 3,250 BCE until…525 BCE.” (p. 15: Nubia and Egypt: 10,000 BCE to 400 AD)

12th Egyptian Dynasty--Nubian

 Nubia ruled Egypt in the 25^th Dynasty, but they also ruled in the 12^th.

Amenembet 1 took the throne of Egypt around 1991 BCE, the beginning of the 12^th Dynasty, and he had a Nubian mother.

It was not at all uncommon in Egypt during this time for Nubians to marry Egyptians and have children.

This information came from  to Nubia and Egypt: 10,000 B. C.. to 400 A. D. by Larry Ross, a professor at Lincoln University, Missouri.

Much of the 12^th Dynasty was ruled by individuals with Nubian ancestry.

My question is: If it truly was not uncommon for Nubians and Egyptians to marry, how can anyone say for sure that any of the dynasties did not have a ruler with Nubian blood?

The Beginnings of Egypt

Egypt became Egypt because of Africa.

"The Amrarian white-lined pottery was introduced into Egypt by 'Libyan invasions', while the Gerzean culture was brought there by 'the Eastern Desert Folk', who overran and dominated Egypt. Finally, Egypt was unified by the 'Falcon Tribe' or 'Dynastic Race', that certainly had originated in Elam and came to Egypt by way of Ethiopia..."

--Bruce Trigger, et. al. Ancient Egypt: A Social History, 1983.

Where did the Egyptian language come from?

"...The Afrasan language famiy...originated in Africa, in the regions between the Nubian Nile and the northern Ethiopian Highlands...and [moved] northward up the Nile...The arrival along the lower Nile of the ancient Egyptian language, a member of the Afrasan family, ultimately traces back to these northward movements."

--Christopher Ehret, The Civilizations of Africa, 3002, p. 38-39

Larry Ross, Nubia and Egypt 10,000 BC to 400 AD, 2012, p. 4-5

A New Book on Nubia: Nubia and Egypt (10, 000 B.C. to 400 A.D.)

My new book on Nubia will be published on February 28th, and I mention our discussions, and your trip to meet with Dr. Williams, in the book:

http://bookshop.blackwell.co.uk/jsp/welcome.jsp?action=search&type=isbn&term=0773426469&awaid=35779&awgid=0&awbid=0&awid=35779&awpid=0&awcr=&src=awin

Dr. Larry Ross
Professor of Anthropology
Social & Behavioral Sciences

Dr. Ross is referring to discussions I had in his office and discussions we had on--and about--the blog you are currently reading. We will post selections fronm his book on this blog.

Michael H. Brownstein

The First Mummies Did Not Come from Egypt

Egypt is famous for their mummies--but if the truth was told, Egypt was not the first mummy making society or even the originators of the idea,

This is from the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Mummy Exhibit, April 4th, 2012:

"...Mummies from ancient Peru, Chile, and Ecuador...Early South American societies created the earliest mummies in the world...7000 years ago."

Predynastic dynasty of Nubia: A women was buried in hot, dry sand about 5500 years ago. "Without water, bacteria could not breed, so her body did not decay. Many scholars believe this kind of natural mummification gave the Egyptians the idea for elaborate artificial mummification."

From the above, it appears Egypt not only did not invent the mummy, but copied it from the Nubians. It also appears mummification began in South America, not Egypt or Africa.

Nubia, Naqada and Black Topped Pottery

Naqada was located in the southern part (we call it Upper Egypt during the time of the Nubians). Black topped pottery originated with the Nubians and moved upwards through the south of Egypt into the north. Because we have limited written documentation, it is hard to discover the significance of the black topping of their pottery--if there is any symbolism or significance at all.

In the time period of Nubia and the beginnings of Egypt (which is directly correlated to Nubia as other posts in this blog illustrate, if not prove) many cultures believed they were The People. Egypt was one of them--but a close look at their writings and drawings in the Valley of the Kings shows they respected the Nubians as much as they respected themselves. (But I'm going off topic.)

Black topped pottery began in Nubia and spread north. The Naqada culture, a Nubian culture, may have been the originators of this pottery and the pattern of movement shows it began in Nubia and moved upwards into what is now called Egypt (Lower Egypt back in the predynasty period).

So what is the significance of the black top? Could it be the Nubians expression of dominance--black over the color red (the perceived color of the skin of people living above them)? Could it be their way of showing they were superior? We already know they were superior fighters and weapon makers. We already know they were excellent traders. Could it be because they lacked--or at least we have not discovered--a written language, the pottery expresses for them their feelings of superiority?

Unfortunately with the dams flooding much of the area rich with Nubian artifacts we may never know the answer.

An Open Letter to All of the Racists Out There

Read this blog, all of the entries, and then sit back, take a deep breath, think about it for a bit, and I hope you realize very little in  this world was a hundred percent developed by only one race of people.

Or open a few of the links blow:

http://historyofnubia.blogspot.com/2010/02/memes-first-egyptian-pharaoh-and-hes.html
http://historyofnubia.blogspot.com/2010/02/egypt-and-nubia-more-influences.html
http://historyofnubia.blogspot.com/2010/02/nubias-influence-on-egypt.html
http://historyofnubia.blogspot.com/2010/02/who-comes-first-again-nubia-or-egypt.html
http://historyofnubia.blogspot.com/2009/12/nubia-started-it-all.html

A Nubian Story

Click here to read it.

Note: I actually found this story when I was looking for stories from the Jewish Talmud.

Textbooks and Nubia

I surveyed three textbooks--McDougal Littell's WORLD HISTORY PATTERNS OF INTERACTION, Glencoe's WORLD HISTORY, and Globe Fearon's WORLD HISTORY.

All three incorrectly identified Menes as an Egyptian king. Only one, Globe Fearon said he might be a legend. What we know is Nubia assisted Egyptians in the building of the First Dynasty and Menes may have been the first leader--and he was Nubian.

None of the books introduce Nubia when it was going strong--around 3200 BC, Nubia was already known for its strength and strong armies. One of the books actually states that as late as 700 BC, the Assyrians were able to easily defeat Nubia (Kush at this time) because they fought with stone age tools.

There is evidence that they beat the Assyrians in a great battle around Jurusalem around 700 BC and for thousands of years the Nubians were known for their prowess with the bow and arrow. They were never known for their stone age weapons.

Globe Fearon's book offered only one page on Nubia--mostly information on the Kush and the 25th Dynasty.

Glencoe's book had only two sentences and though McDougal Littell offered a few pages on Egypt and Nubia, it erroneously gave all the credit to Egypt for influencing Nubia. In fact, they influenced each other.

Nubia did not begin with the 25th Dynasty or even around 2000 BC; Nubia was around way before the First Dynasty (around 3200 BC) and readers of this blog have seen the evidence that shows Nubia and Egypt were often antagonistic, but they have always influenced one another.

In fact, this author feels that Nubia may have been the main influence that brought about the actual First Dynasty in Egypt. In fact, Nubia may have invented the pharoah system altogether.

History books--let's start getting it right.

How To Conquer American Racism

How do we stop racism in America?

Simple.

Teach the children of our nation that the Nubians of Africa had a great and influential hand in the creation of Egypt and were the primary helpers in the creation of the First Dynasty.

Why will this make a difference?

We will be showing that not only did man first come from Africa, but also one of the first great civilizations came from there too.

Letting our children know the great impact Africa had on the early development of religion, government, trade and other aspects that make a civilization and a nation will give our students the needed ammunition they will need when they encounter racism.

Menes was Nubian and Ramesses ll had Nubian children who he honored. The list and influence of Nubian Africa goes on and on.

If nothing else, study this blog to help us rid America of racism today.