More from ARCHEOLOGY--part 2

In the November/December 2009 issue of ARCHEOLOGY, "The Gold of Kush," Geoff Emberling writes:

"Kush controlled a vast area and was able to mass significant military power. Yet Kush seemed to lack some of the characteristics of other civilizations: it had only one city of any size (Kerma), did not leave a trace of writing, and did not make extensive use of administrative tools such as seals (pg. 50)." {Emphasis mine.}

So where did everything from the First Dynasty come from?

Read the section below from the following research, "Nubia and Egypt,":http://nubia.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page.

"Nubia also figures in the archealogical research of scholar Bruce Williams, who along with other writers, suggest a Nubian influence underlying the establishment of the Egyptian state...Williams focuses on the south, based on the initial predominant influence of the south, closest to Nubia, and various cultural linkages with the south such as discovery of the Qustul incense burner and of a city at Kerma dating back to 4,500 BCE.

"A number of scholars demonstrate that the ancient Egyptians were closely related to Nilo/Sudanic peoples like Nubians, sharing substantial genetic admixture, and cultural elements such as the pharonic structure (Keita 1992, Krings et al. 1999, Williams 1999, Yurco, 1989).

"A number of writers dispute any claim that the Nubian kings were responsible for the genesis of the Egyptian monarchies that followed.] Williams however notes that his research advanced no claim of a Nubian origin or genesis for the pharonic monarchy. Instead he holds that the archaeological data shows Nubian linkages and influence in helping to "fashion pharaonic civilization." Such data includes detailed excavations of the burial place of the Nubian rulers with date stamps well before the historical First Dynasty of Egypt. The size and wealth of the tombs were also vastly greater than that of the well-known Abydos tombs in Egypt."

As for now, the evidence is piling up that Nubia--not UFOs, for example--were the primary influence on the development of Egypt's First Dynasty.